![]() degrees in the United States is tax law, sometimes referred to as an MLT (Master of Laws in Taxation). Most universities offer only a small number of LL.M. programs available worldwide, allowing students to focus on almost any area of the law. After receiving all the diplomas prescribed by NOVA and under supervision of a "patroon" (master), a lawyer is eligible to have his own practice and is unconditionally written in a court for life but he/she will need to continually update his/her knowledge. The Dutch Order of Lawyers (NOVA) require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be conditionally written in the district court for three years. ![]() degree with a specific (set of) course(s) in litigation law. To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL.M. is the standard graduate degree required to practice law. programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not yet been fully implemented.īosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland require a Master's with an additional two to five years to become a lawyer.Īs of 2014, Spain requires a master's degree in addition to a 4 years' degree to become a lawyer. Over the past years, however, specialized LL.M. degree is an element particular to the education system of English speaking countries, which is based on a distinction between Bachelor's and Master's degrees. The " Doctor of Laws" (LL.D.) degree in the United States is usually an honorary degree. degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded (often by two graders), orally defended (by an exam known as viva voce) and then often published as a book or series of articles. (Doctor of Civil Law) degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D.C.L. iur.) (but German universities require completion of a second doctoral thesis, a Habilitation, to become qualified for teaching as a full professor, but can waive this requirement and usually do so for qualified foreigners). ![]() The full equivalent in Germany is the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. ![]() or DPhil) or doctorat en droit (in France). The highest degree in law is the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D or J.S.D., depending on the institution), and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law (Ph.D. is sometimes incorrectly written L.L.M., but Latin abbreviations of plural terms are indicated by doubling the abbreviation of the singular term. When used in the plural, it signifies a specific body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word jus, from which the words "juris" and "justice" derive. The word legum is the genitive plural form of the Latin word lex and means "of the laws". If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a particular area of law, they can continue their studies after an LL.B. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions. The majority of individuals holding a J.D. ![]() Many who hold the degree of Juris Doctor are professionals committed to the practice of law, and may choose to focus their practice on criminal law, tort, family law, corporate law, or a wide range of other areas. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other common law countries. The Juris Doctor (J.D.) is a professional doctorate and professional graduate degree in law. generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. While in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) is required, the U.S. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. In most jurisdictions, the "Master of Laws" is the advanced professional degree for those usually already admitted into legal practice.īackground on legal education in common law countries Latin: Magister Legum or Legum Magister) is an advanced postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. For other uses, see LLM (disambiguation).Ī Master of Laws ( M.L. ![]()
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